How Antabuse Works to Treat Alcohol Use Disorder

How Antabuse Works to Treat Alcohol Use Disorder Addiction Alcohol Use Print Antabuse (Disulfiram) Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 11, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Photodisc / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand How It Works Side Effects Who Should Use Antabuse? What to Know Before Taking It What It Doesn't Do Efficacy View All Back To Top Antabuse (disulfiram) was the first medicine approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Its an effective deterrent because it causes an extremely unpleasant reaction if a person drinks alcohol while taking Antabuse. How It Works When you drink alcohol, your body metabolizes it into acetaldehyde, a very toxic substance that causes many of the hangover symptoms that occur after heavy drinking. Under normal circumstances, your body continues to oxidize acetaldehyde into acetic acid, which is harmless. How Alcoholic Metabolism Works Antabuse interferes with this metabolic process, preventing the oxidation of acetaldehyde into acetic acid and causing a build-up of acetaldehyde that is five to 10 times greater than what would normally be present after drinking alcohol. How Antabuse Can Affect You The high concentration of acetaldehyde that occurs when someone drinks while taking Antabuse triggers a very unpleasant reaction. The severity of the symptoms, which can range from mild to severe, depends on how much Antabuse and how much alcohol youve consumed. The symptoms last as long as alcohol is in your system. The effects from Antabuse begin about 10 minutes after alcohol enters your body and can last for an hour or more. If you drink alcohol while taking Antabuse, you can experience these symptoms: FlushingNauseaCopious vomitingSweatingThirstThrobbing in the head and neckHeadacheRespiratory difficultyChest PainPalpitationsDyspneaHyperventilationTachycardia (rapid heartbeat)Hypotension (low blood pressure)Syncope (loss of consciousness)Marked uneasinessWeaknessVertigoBlurred visionConfusion Severe reactions can include respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse, myocardial infarction (heart attack), acute congestive heart failure, unconsciousness, arrhythmias, convulsions, and even death. Who Should Use Antabuse? Only someone who wants to try to quit drinking and who is fully aware of the consequences of drinking while on Antabuse should take it. Antabuse should never be given to someone without their knowledge and informed consent, nor should it be given to anyone who is intoxicated. Due to possible severe reactions, Antabuse should not be given to anyone with severe heart disease, psychosis, or an allergy to Antabuse. Women who are pregnant should not take Antabuse and as there are several interactions with other medications, someone taking antabuse should consult with their doctor before taking other prescription or over the counter medications. What You Should Know Before Taking Antabuse If you are taking Antabuse, its important that you avoid sauces, vinegars, and all foods and beverages containing alcohol. Do not drink any alcoholic beverages (including wine, beer, and medications that contain alcohol such as cough syrup) while taking Antabuse, during the 12-hour period before you take your first dose, and for several weeks after stopping the drug. What Antabuse Doesnt Do Antabuse serves merely as a physical and psychological deterrent for someone trying to stop drinking. It does not reduce the persons craving for alcohol nor does it treat any alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Antabuse is not a cure for alcoholism; it only discourages drinking. How Effective Is Antabuse? The effectiveness of Antabuse in helping someone quit drinking depends on the persons continued use of medication. Because Antabuse is administered in a daily pill, people can simply stop taking the drug and begin drinking a few days later. However, in Europe, where Antabuse is much more widely used than in the United States, research has shown that long-term use of Antabuse is very effective in helping people stop drinking, producing abstinence rates of 50%. The research revealed that the longer a person takes Antabuse, the more effective it is because they develop a habit of not drinking. What is the Most Effective Treatment for Alcoholism?

Cigarette Taxes, Smoking, and Exercise - 500 Words

Cigarette Taxes, Smoking, and Exercise The primary purpose of this study is to analyze whether cigarette taxes have an effect on exercise behavior. The authors creates a conceptual framework that describes how cigarette taxes could effects exercising habits and test its implications empirically using survey data from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Preliminary results indicates cigarette taxes are negatively correlated with exercise behavior. Past studies on cigarette taxes have primarily been focused on its effect on reducing smoking. Some studies have also found a relationship between cigarette taxes and obesity rates. However this is the first study that is aimed at analyzing the effects of cigarette taxes on†¦show more content†¦The magnitude of the off-set would determine the overall impact of the cigarette taxes on the health outcome. However, if a person’s only concern is weight management, then a reduction in exercises due to reduced cigarette consumption would both have negative effects on weight management and hence reduce person’s health. One shortcoming of the theoretical framework is, its assumption that exercises yield disutility to the person. In other words, it is assumed that persons dislike exercising and only exercises for its beneficial effects on health. This assumption seems unrealistic since it is very probable that people gain utility from exercising itself. If this assumptio n is relaxed, it is possible that people will not off-set the reduction in cigarette consumption by a reduction in exercise, which would then have a positive effect on the overall health function. The authors test the validity theoretical framework by conduction a regression analysis using data from the BRFSS, where a measure of exercise for an individual is regressed on state cigarette taxes along with other explanatory variables. The preliminary results indicate that cigarette taxes reduces exercise. However, results from some falsification test suggest that the results may not be credible. In my opinion this study successfully creates a theoretical model that could explain the ways in which cigarette taxes could exercise behavior. However, limitations in the empiricalShow MoreRelatedBans, Laws, And Taxes On Smoking Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesBans, Laws, and Taxes on smoking With the changing of times, many places over the years have gone smoke free. Some of these places include: hospitals, airplanes, restaurants, bars, universities, schools, hotels and many others. One of the places in Anchorage that has recently gone smoke free is the University of Anchorage Alaska. According to an article titled â€Å"History of Smoke and Tobacco-Free UAA† (n.d.), â€Å"With the new policy, UAA joins more than 1,500 colleges and universities in the U.S. thatRead MoreCause and Effect on Smoking Cigarettes Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is Unhealthy for Everyone Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to the body for many reasons, and it also affects not only human beings but our environment. Smoking cigarettes can be harmful to both the environment and humans because of the many chemicals and substances that produce this hazardous product. Smoking cigarettes reduces your ability to do things that require endurance, such as sports, and exercise. The tar in the cigarettes covers up alveoli, which help you breathe, which makesRead MoreCases1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article it stated, â€Å"A study showed a 12% drop in the first year after the law to stop smoking in enclosed public places came into force. 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U.S. health care critics are upset because there is overpowering proof that peopleRead MoreEssay about The Major Public Health Concern of Tobacco1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Major Public Health Concern of Tobacco Now, more than ever, more and more people are beginning to look at tobacco use as a major public health concern. It is nineteen ninety nine, and the number of smokers is rising while the average age of smoking initiation decreases. There are those that believe using tobacco of any type should be illegal, or at least restricted. Others believe it is up to the person to choose whether to use tobacco products or not, however most of these people believe tobaccoRead MoreThe Increasing Popularity Of Fast Food1602 Words   |  7 Pagesand say, that an improvement in exercise will ultimately reduce obesity. Although that is a contributing factor, studies have shown otherwise. Recently, NBC news posted an article that suggested, â€Å"A new study confirms the overall research findings that dietary change produces more weight loss than changes in exercise. Most often, weight loss during programs focused on dietary change produced two to three times greater weight loss than programs focused on exercise† (Collins) The best way to lose unwantedRead MoreThe Ban On Tobacco Advertisements977 Words   |  4 Pagessupported it as follows; As to discourage adolescents from taking up smoking; since the advertising agents put up slick and colorful adverts which make smoking to be deemed as cool by the youths, so the government and some human rights watch dogs will try to protect the youngsters who they deem to be vulnerable to such adverts on moral grounds. The government’s first obligation is to save its citizen hence this move. Smoking tobacco is a health hazard to humans, the smoker and the non smoker alike;Read MoreShould Smoking Be Effective?1350 Words   |  6 Pagesthe topic of smoking. Some argue that smoking has risen to the level of a public health crisis, and cite some very distributing statistics in order to support those claims. For example, the Centers for Disease Control (2015) estimates that 6 million Americans die each year from tobacco, and the direct medical costs associated with treating smokers tops 150 billion dollars annually. These facts have motivated many public policy makers to consider new ways to deter Americans from smoking, including heavily

Race And Its Impact On Society - 972 Words

Race, a term people choose to blandly deny but affect our everyday lives. Whether or not we choose to be consciously aware of it or not, race has an astronomical effect on our society. A persons’ race affects what school that they attend, their form of employment and ultimately how they are perceived. Race is defined as â€Å"groupings of people believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities†. Smith Lecture notes. Essentially, one can categorize or identify the race of an individual based on physical characteristics such as eye shape, nose, hair color, hair texture, and body structure. The idea of race has not existed through out human time, it was a term that was recently established by white suppress as a means to justify the enslavement of African people. The term is still being used today as a means to continue to suppress the blacks and to make whites seem superior to black individuals. The purpose of race was to explain why some people could be denied the natural rights that was promised to them; liberty. Race is a social construct, this means that the concept of â€Å"race† results from from a process of signification whereby only certain physical characteristics are attributed with meaning and are then used to organize populations into groups which are then defined as races . Through social practice a persons’ perception of an individual based on specific physical attributes are used to group people that share these physical propertiesShow MoreRelatedRace and Ethicity within Sociology959 Words   |  4 Pageswithin our society. Within the subtopic of race, several areas including our current culture, social psychology and the current format of our social institutions allow for the production and often the reproduction of racial discrimination in our day and age. 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Evaluating the Role of the Media in the British General Election 2010 Free Essays

Critically evaluate the role of the media in the British General Election 2010. â€Å"Media should keep people informed about public affairs so that individuals are adequately briefed when they take part in the process of self government. † (Curran, James 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating the Role of the Media in the British General Election 2010 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role of the media, as Curran as explained is a supposed to be a way of allowing individuals to think for themselves, having their own opinions and ideas about the news and information that is given to them through different medias. So for my essay I will be focusing on the way in which the media, mainly T.V, allowed the general public to think for themselves during the British General election, mainly focusing on the ‘Alternative General Election’ which was aired on the same night as the Election, on Channel 4 and on the political advertising used for each party and the ways in which the media use emotion to sway the general public. Television is a very powerful media form, as â€Å"more than 90% of the UK TV homes already have digital† (The Guardian Online 2010) shows that we are relatively dependant on having television in our day-to-day lives.Television as a media form is the most powerful source of information for the average person, as the news is on hourly on a large variety of channels, reporting news from all over the world. There are even specific channels that viewers can tune into to receive specialist television programs, like BBC Parliament, where viewers can watch the House of Commons live from the comfort of their own homes. The BBC hosted the British General Election on Thursday the 6th of May 2010, and on the same evening, for those who weren’t as eager to watch the real General Election, could tune into Channel 4’s ‘Alternative Election Night’.Channel 4’s aim was to make the Election a slightly more enjoyable event for the general public, as they say on the Channel 4 website â€Å"the show promises satire and sass, minus the staid political swing-o-meters†. Hosted by â€Å"comedy enthusiasts† Charlie Brooker, David Mitchell, Jimmy Carr and Lauren Laverne, is a constructive way of enticing the audience, using presenters that they have heard of and enjoy watching from other programs they have been in. Unlike the General Election,Channel 4 have focused mainly on the comedy aspect of the Election, also by using a live audience and intercepting the program with specially recorded shows, such as an Election special of ‘Come Dine with Me’ featuring Politian’s such as Edwina Curry and Derek Hatton. Advertising is another form of the media in which information and ideas are transmitted to an audience. Advertising unlike television to more so used for persuading and transforming the ideas and emotions of the public. Sabato (1981) once said â€Å"the increase in negative adverts attribute to the proprietary research that shows negative messages have powerful effects† (Biocca pg. 45), which relates to the ways political adverting was used in the 2010 General Elections. For example, the Labour party released a poster of David Cameron’s face (leader of the Conservative party) computerized onto the body of Jean Simmons from â€Å"Life on Mars† and â€Å"Ashes to Ashes† to present a 1979 government threat, but on the other hand this poster is speaking out to the Conservatives as when the government was last Conservative was when Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister. On the other hand it also relates to the Labour party insisting that they vote Labour, or the Margaret Thatcher days will be upon them again.Political advertising and Personal Relations go hand in hand to use the emotion of the public as a tactic to win over individuals. â€Å"Lord Young is reputed to have said that ‘Government programmes are like cornflakes. If they are not marketed, they will not sell’ The phrase, though not profound, expressed will ministers marketing and campaigning techniques to package polices and bring them to the attention of the public† (Franklin, Bob 1994) Therefore showing that personal relations along with marketing and advertising don’t seem to mind what they have to do as long as they get the end result.As Kaid mentions in ‘Political Advertising’, â€Å"Hart (2000) suggests that political ads are ‘effusive’ and full of emotional logic. He cautions that in fact, â€Å"†¦one must never underestimate the importance of that which advertising most reliably delivers – political emotion†. † (Kaid 2004). By using emotional advertising the companies and more importantly political parties are able to sway the public into believing what they find emotio nally satisfying, â€Å"commercials that contain both negative and positive emotional messages, are remembered significantly better than either negative-only or positive-only commercials.In addition, the single-emotion commercials remembered significantly better that neutral or non-emotional commercials† (Biocca 1991). In 2010, during and before the General Election, there where many poster around the UK trying to encourage the general public to vote for which ever party they were most influenced by. There were many posters for this year’s General Elections, and the main theme of 2010 Elections was to use the opposing party leader in their campaigns and try to manipulate their words and also in some cases put words into their mouths.For my first example, I have chosen the campaign poster for the Conservative party, they have featured a head and shoulders image of David Cameron with the text next to him saying, â€Å"We can’t go on like this. I’ll cut the deficit, not the NHS†. When I looked into the other posters from the General Elections, I ten discovered the use of using the other party leaders as the main attraction of the poster, but then only to knock them down by using a quote or fact about them to contradict the poster itself.For example, I found the most effecti ve posters were that of the Conservative party, as they used a photograph of Gordon Brown’s face, next to a bold statement â€Å"I caused record youth unemployment. Let me do it again†. I found this poster more to the point, and it was a lot very obvious what the Conservative party was trying to do, and honestly for me, it works, I think if I had of voted at all this would probably would have swayed me against the Labour party.Gordon Brown’s true colours where presented when he left a Sky News microphone on after a confrontation from an old lady called Gillian Duffy. It was caught on tape that he called her a â€Å"bigoted woman†. If Brown had of known about the microphone he wouldn’t have commented like he did, and we as the public would not have known about his actual feelings towards the woman and neither would she. Because the report of this comment was circulated at such speed, Brown felt it right to go round to Duffy’s house and apologise to his for his comment.The reason for the confrontation was that Mrs. Duffy was in fact a long time Labour supporter who had challenged Brown about issues such as immigration from Eastern Europe an d then about the national debt in the UK. After this event, many articles broke out in newspapers and online, for example the BBC News website published a article called â€Å"Election 2010:Leaders prepare for TV debate on economy†, with the subtitle of, â€Å"Gordon Brown has said he is determined to focus on the economy ahead of the last live TV debate, a day after he was overheard calling a voter â€Å"bigoted†. What is interesting is that the fact that Brown has made a slight comment about a woman had been more important than the actual reason Brown was even on camera that day, for the TV debate. One reading that I found particularly interesting and in relation to media and the General Elections was written by Angela Phillips. She is focused on the journalists and their sources online, she talks about how â€Å"the relationship between journalists and their sources is central to any claim that the news media may make to a role within the Habermasian ‘public sphere’†.This extract explore s the reasons why and how the media have tried to relate to their key audience within the general public. She later goes on to speak about Silverstone (1988) and his ideas about the â€Å"story teller working to re-align cultural ties and allegiances through establishment and re-enforcing of cultural myth, it is through their choice of relationships and prioritization of information that they seek to reflect, or indeed to determine, the political and cultural agenda of the moment†. Phillips, 2009. pp. 87) So they are saying that journalists have used their status to get in touch with people who have the information that they need, and are willing to jeopardize their priorities if something better comes along; â€Å"cultural agenda of the moment†. To conclude, the role of the media during the British General Elections of 2010 has been the most powerful form of publishing and informing the nation of the in’s and out’s of British Politics.The tabloids have printed articles using the general public as there target zone, to print, on occasion, fad articles about opinions and the events, the Sky News microphone that was left on Gordon Brown, and managed to record him insulting a member of the general public and of course, the new room where the news is put together, and presented live to us at home, allowing us to indulge in news when ever we wish, well at hourly intervals throughout the day. Not forgetting one of the most important new forms of media, World Hav e Your Say on BBC radio†¦not only for the new bulletins of the day, but also or other members of the public to have their say about the news in question. With out the media, we would not be as well informed about what goes on around us, and we need to know what is going on around us for our own safety, and more importantly our knowledge.Bibliography http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/8649012. stmhttp://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8650546. stmhttp://www. channel4. com/programmes/channel-4s-alternative-election-night/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1http://www. guardian. co. uk/media/2010/may/04/thinkbox-television-viewinghttp://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Walter_Lippmannhttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election How to cite Evaluating the Role of the Media in the British General Election 2010, Papers

Sleep Easy Motel Essay Example

Sleep Easy Motel Paper Tonia Simatos 045-262-078 Case # 6- SleepEasy Motel 1. Problem Statement a. Current State: * SleepEasy motel is losing money. Occupancy of the hotel is around 55 percent of capacity which according to industry figures is 13 percent below the average of 68 percent for similar motels in the area. * Large number of customers driving around the parking lot of motel and leaving. * A lot of competition In the area, other hotels offer better facilities. b. Desired state * Have the occupancy of hotel go up to and stabilize to at least 68 percent capacity to generate more profit. Better facilities to attract more customers and have them choose SleepEasy Motel instead of other competitors. 2. Analysis c. Why did this problem arise? SleepEasy’s facilities are lacking. Facilities are most important to approximately 78% of the visitors in the area when choosing accommodation (no restaurant or pool). Huang is relying on customers coming to the resort by just finding it when they drive towar d the area however, 40 percent of the visitors plan and reserve their rooms more than 60 days in advance. There are no signs advertising the motel. d. What is important from a 5C or SWOT or PEST perspective 3. SWOT- Strengths- located in a rapidly expanding resort area. – Only 22km away from a tourist area. Weaknesses- No recreational facilities. – No advertising or signage to attract customers. Opportunities- Join a franchise to attract more customers. Threats- a lot of current competition of bigger hotel chains. – More motels opening in the area. 4. Alternatives e. Make changes to SleepEasy Motel to accommodate and attract more customers, create a loyalty program and launch advertising initiatives. Pro- Huang will keep the revenue from sales and can manage the hotel’s maintenance and improvements on his own. Con- Since the hotel is not doing well Huang may have to take out a loan to renovate the hotel and he may not be able to afford it. f. Join the Days Inn franchise to target more customers. Pros- no major capital investment. – Recognized national chain, use of central reservation system and website will attract more customers. Offers- InnCentives loyalty club for frequent travelers and corporate rate programs for business travelers. September Days Club for travelers to receive discounts and quarterly travel magazine. -Past promotion sold an additional 10, 000 rooms. Cons- Huang must pay 8 percent of gross room revenues to the franchise. Huang must agree to maintain, repair and improve the facility in accordance to Days Inn’s franchise standards. g. Join the Holiday Inn Franchise to target more customers. Pros- Huang will probably be required to build a pool, can charge $75 per day as opposed to $45. – Recognized national chain, use of central reservation system an d website will attract more customers. – Offers loyalty program, Priority Club Worldwide. – Advertises on TV and in print. Cons- must pay 8 percent of gross room revenues to the franchise. – Huang must contribute a capital investment of between $300,000 to $500,000. Huang must agree to maintain, repair and improve the facility in accordance to Days Inn’s franchise standards. 5. Recommendation h. Considering that 78 percent of the visitors to this area indicated that recreational facilities were important in their choice of accommodation, Huang should join the Holiday Inn franchise. 6. Implementation i. If Huang does not have the money for the capital investment he must take out a loan to renovate the hotel. He must then implement maintenance of the hotel, repairs and improvements in compliance with Holiday Inn. 7. Theory / Jargon / Concepts I USED in analyzing this case. S. W. O. T analysis We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Easy Motel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Easy Motel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Easy Motel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Fairness and Objectivity in Journalism

Fairness and Objectivity in Journalism You hear it all the time- reporters should be objective and fair. Some news organizations even use these terms in their slogans, claiming that they are more â€Å"fair and balanced† than their competitors. But what is objectivity? Objectivity Objectivity means that when covering hard news, reporters don’t convey their own feelings, biases or prejudices in their stories. They accomplish this by writing stories using language that is neutral and avoids characterizing people or institutions in ways good or bad. But for the beginning reporter accustomed to writing personal essays or journal entries, it can be hard to do this. One trap beginning reporters fall into is the frequent use of adjectives. Adjectives can easily convey one’s feelings about a subject. Example The intrepid protesters demonstrated against the unjust government policies. Just by using the words â€Å"intrepid† and â€Å"unjust† the writer has quickly conveyed his feelings on the story- the protesters are brave and just in their cause, the government policies are wrong. For this reason, hard-news reporters usually avoid using adjectives in their stories. Fairness Fairness means that reporters covering a story must remember there are usually two sides- and often more- to most issues and that those differing viewpoints should be given roughly equal space in any news story. Let’s say the local school board is debating whether to ban certain books from the school libraries. Many residents representing both sides of the issue are there. The reporter may have strong feelings about the subject. Nevertheless, he should interview citizens who support the ban, and those who oppose it. And when he writes his story, he should convey both arguments in a neutral language, giving both sides roughly equal space. A Reporter’s Conduct Objectivity and fairness apply not only to how a reporter writes about an issue but to how he conducts himself in public. A reporter must not only be objective and fair but also convey an image of being objective and fair. At the school board forum, the reporter may do his best to interview people from both sides of the argument. But if in the middle of the meeting, he stands up and starts spouting his own opinions on the book ban then his credibility is shattered. No one will believe he can be fair and objective once they know where he stands. The moral of the story? Keep your opinions to yourself.   A Few Caveats There are a few caveats to remember when considering objectivity and fairness. First, such rules apply to reporters covering hard news, not to the columnist writing for the op-ed page, or the movie critic working for the arts section. Second, remember that ultimately, reporters are in search of the truth. While objectivity and fairness are important, a reporter shouldn’t let them get in the way of finding the truth. Let’s say you’re a reporter covering the final days of World War II and are following the Allied forces as they liberate the concentration camps. You enter one such camp and witness hundreds of gaunt, emaciated people and piles of dead bodies. Do you, in an effort to be objective, interview an American soldier to talk about how horrific this is, then interview a Nazi official to get the other side of the story? Of course not. Clearly, this is a place where evil acts have been committed, and it’s your job as a reporter to convey that truth. In other words, use objectivity and fairness as tools to find the truth.

Terrorism and Illegal Immigration

Terrorism and Illegal Immigration Not all illegal aliens crossing our borders are looking to take advantage of the American way of life; some are looking to destroy it. The uproar over Arizonas new immigration law leaves the impression that all immigrants illegally entering the state are Mexicans. But according to a 2006 report from the House Committee on Homeland Security, an increasing number of illegal immigrants from nations known to produce, train and harbor Islamic terrorists are using the Southwest border as a gateway to the United States.While the Committees report, A Line in the Sand: Confronting the Threat at the Southwest Border, focuses on criminal activity and violence taking place along the Southwest border of the United States between Texas and Mexico, it also brings to light the increasing frequency with which Other than Mexican (OTM) persons from 35 special interest countries known by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to harbor Islamic terrorists are illegally entering the United States. Based on U.S. Border Patrol statistics there were 30,147 OTMs apprehended in FY2003, 44,614 in FY2004, 165,178 in FY2005, and 108,025 in FY2006. Most of them were apprehended along the U.S. Southwest border.The sheer increase of OTMs coming across the border makes it more difficult for Border Patrol agents to readily identify and process each, thereby increasing the chances that a potential terrorist could slip through the system. Moreover, there is no concrete mechanism for determining how many OTMs evade apprehensions and successfully enter the country illegally. Where Do the OTMs Enter the United States? While most illegal immigrants of all nationalities are apprehended by the U.S. Border Patrol in the Tucson sector of Arizona, the vast majority of OTM and Special Interest Alien apprehensions take place along the Texas border - specifically in the McAllen sector. Since September 11, 2001, DHS has reported a 41percent increase in arrests along the Texas/Mexico border of Special Interest Aliens, states the report. From FY2001 to March 2005, 88 percent of Special Interest Alien apprehensions for both the Southwest and Northern borders occurred in Texas.   Where Do The OTMs Come From? According to the report, hundreds of OTM illegal aliens from special interest countries from countries including Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Pakistan, Cuba, Brazil, Ecuador, China, Russia, Yemen, Albania, Yugoslavia and Afghanistan have been apprehended in the South Texas region alone since September 11, 2001. Just recently, U.S. intelligence officials report that seven Iraqis were found in Brownsville, Texas in June 2006. In August 2006, an Afghani man was found swimming across the Rio Grande River in Hidalgo, Texas; as recently as October 2006, seven Chinese were apprehended in the Rio Grande Valley area of Texas. Evidence of Terrorist Ties Far from basing their ties to terrorism on the OTMs nation of origin alone, Border Patrol agents have, in many cases, found frightening physical evidence, according to the Committees report. A jacket with patches from countries where al Qaida is known to operate was found in Jim Hogg County, Texas by the Border Patrol. The patches on the jacket show an Arabic military badge with one depicting an airplane flying over a building and heading towards a tower, and another showing an image of a lions head with wings and a parachute emanating from the animal. The bottom of one patch read martyr, way to eternal life or way to immortality. Confirmed Terrorists Apprehended A few of the apprehended OTM illegal immigrants with confirmed ties to terrorist groups listed in the congressional report include: Neeran Zaia - arrested on September 8, 2004 - headed an organization responsible for smuggling more than 200 Iraqi, Jordanian, and Syrian nationals into the United States. When he was arrested, U.S. Customs agents discovered that Zaia had a prior conviction for human smuggling.Mahmoud Youssef Kourani pleaded guilty on March 1, 2005 to providing material support to Hezbollah. Kourani is an illegal alien who had been smuggled across the U.S.-Mexico border after bribing a Mexican consular official in Beirut for a visa to travel to Mexico.Salim Boughader Mucharrafille - was arrested in December 2002 for illegally smuggling more than two hundred Lebanese, many believed to have ties to Hezbollah into the United States. The Problem of Getting OTMs Out of the US Prior to the Secure Border Initiative, the Office of Detention and Removal Operations (DRO) within Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) had a real problem getting Other Than Mexican illegal immigrants out of the United States. Even though most OTMs enter the U.S. from Mexico, Mexico will not accept them. Instead, they may only be sent to their native country, or any third country that will accept them.According to the 2005 Congressional Research Service (CRS) report, Border Security: Apprehensions of Other Than Mexican Aliens, the DRO lacks adequate bedding space to house every OTM apprehended by ICE. As a result of this, states the CRS report, the majority of OTMs apprehended by the USBP are released into the interior of the United States with notices to appear before an immigration judge. Most of these released OTMs fail to show up for their hearings and are not ultimately removed.Since going in to effect in November 2005, the Department of Homeland Securitys Secure Border Ini tiative (SBI) has employed an expedited removal process that enables ICE to remove OTM aliens to their home countries in from 15 to 30 days. When the Secure Border Initiative was first initiated, ICE inherited close to 4,000 OTM aliens awaiting removal from the United States. According to ICE, close to 3,000 of those OTMs have been removed from the country so far.